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An estimated 443,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych],000 deaths in the United States occur each year as a result of cigarette smoking and exposure to secondhand smoke. These deaths cost the nation approximately $97 billion in lost productivity and $96 billion in health-care costs.
During 2000–2004 in Missouri, smoking caused 9,600 deaths,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], 132,000 years of potential life lost (YPLL), $2.4 billion in productivity losses, and $2.2 billion in smoking-related health-care expenditures annually. To limit the adverse health consequences of tobacco use, states implement comprehensive tobacco control programs that identify disparities among population groups and target those disproportionately affected by tobacco use.
This report compares the public health burden of smoking among whites and blacks in Missouri by estimating the number of smoking-attributable deaths and YPLL in these population subgroups during 2003-2007. The findings indicate that the average annual smoking-attributable mortality (SAM) rate in the state was 18% higher for blacks (338 deaths per 100,000) than for whites (286 deaths per 100,000).
The relative difference in smoking-attributable mortality rates between blacks and whites was larger for men (28%) than women (11%). For Missouri, these estimates provide an important benchmark for measuring the success of tobacco control programs in decreasing the burden of smoking-related diseases in these populations and reaffirm the need for full implementation of the state’s comprehensive tobacco control program.
The first smoking cessation clinic in Brunei opened at the Berakas ‘A’ Health Centre in 2005, followed by three more clinics in Sengkurong, Tutong and Seria. On average, the clinics have had a success rate of 36 per cent over the last five years and have treated 729 to date. “A success rate of over 30 per cent is very high,” said Dr Ernina Nasdzarinah Hj Abdul Rani,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], officer in charge of the Berakas ‘A’ smoking cessation clinic.
Deputy Director of Youth and Sports II Hj Muhd Zamri Dato Paduka Hj Hamadi said that smoking is widely accepted in Bruneian society and the effects of cigarette smoke is also felt by non-smokers. “The purpose of this briefing is to enhance the understanding of the officers and employees of the Department of Youth and Sports of the dangers of cigarettes and tobacco to themselves and those around them” he said.
He added: “In sports, athletes who smoke are likely to feel its negative effects despite having a organised and systematic training programme.” Graphic images portraying the damage wrought by smoking have been a hallmark of antismoking campaigns in Europe for years. But, in the United States, admonitions on cigarette packs and at stores have tended to rely on words rather than pictures. “And they’re just very ineffective at this point,’’ said Eileen Sullivan, policy director for the state’s tobacco control program.
The Retailers Association of Massachusetts has not decided how gamely it will fight the proposal, but the organization’s president, Jon Hurst, left little doubt that most shopkeepers will respond coolly to another mandate. That may prove especially true at convenience stores,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], where tobacco sales constitute a significant share of business. “Do you really have to have additional graphic signage and multiple layers of it at each cash register?’’ said Hurst, whose alliance has 3,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych],100 members. “If you warn on everything, those warnings become essentially meaningless.
They already have signage on alcohol,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], tobacco, lottery, they have signage on price accuracy.’’ The maker of Marlboro and other top-selling brands, Philip Morris USA, said it believes warnings should be uniform nationally and established by the federal government, which has been given expanded authority over tobacco marketing.
In New York, the graphic signs have met with little resistance from retailers and consumers, said Anne Pearson,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], an attorney with the city’s Bureau of Tobacco Control. “There’s a large body of evidence showing these graphic images are very effective,’’ Pearson said. “They can communicate information in a way that text just can’t,wholesale marlboro cigarettes coupons, and they can also communicate a message to people regardless of their level of literacy and regardless of the language they speak.’’