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roduction to Exposure - Getting the right amount of light into your pictures
Film cameras control exposure by enlarging or decreasing the size of the aperture (measured in f-stops) and by having a faster or slower shutter speed. Both of these features have an effect on the amount of light that reaches the film. Digital cameras may also have the same features [link widoczny dla zalogowanych], or they may simulate these features by making the sensor more or less sensitive to light. But in any case, manufacturers still talk in terms of apertures and shutter speeds even if they mean the equivalent thereof.
The other factor that affected exposure in a film camera was the sensitivity of the film or its ISO rating. Film with a high ISO rating was more sensitive to light and could cope with very fast shutter speeds [link widoczny dla zalogowanych], but could produce a grainier image. Obviously a roll of film would have a set ISO rating and you wouldn't be able to change it between shots. Manufacturers also talk about ISO ratings when referring to the sensitivity of the sensor in a digital camera. With a digital camera you can change the ISO setting for each shot if this feature is available to you.
Depending on the sophistication of a digital camera you might find some or all of the following exposure features:
Programmed Auto Exposure
This is the fully automatic option where the camera chooses the aperture and shutter speed for you. You won't even have to think about it.
Aperture Priority Auto Exposure
In a camera with this feature the user sets the aperture and the camera chooses the shutter speed. This is good for variations in light conditions.
Shutter Priority Auto Exposure
This is the opposite of Aperture Priority, so you set the shutter speed and the camera chooses the aperture. This a good for fast moving objects.
Manual Exposure
This option, found on higher end cameras, lets you choose both the aperture and the shutter speed.
PASM
This stands for Programmed, Aperture, Shutter, Manual, so a camera with PASM does the lot.
EV Compensation (Exposure Value Compensation)
This is a feature that will let you override the camera settings to lighten or darken your image.
Exposure Bracketing
This feature ensures the camera takes a series of differently exposed shots with one press of the button. With any luck one of the shots will be perfectly exposed. Or you can take the darkest and lightest image and combine them using photo editing software to get an image with both shadow depth and highlights